2.6 Correct positioning on the road
Objective
The learner driver must have the knowledge, understanding and skills to maintain a correct and
safe position on the road, and to maintain a safe braking distance.

Guidance
Topic The learner driver should:
Positioning on the straight, in traffic lanes, and on bends
Be aware of and be able to demonstrate correct positioning of the vehicle on the straight, in traffic lanes and on bends and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect positioning.

Positioning for turning left and right
Be aware of and be able to demonstrate correct positioning of the vehicle when approaching, travelling around and leaving junctions (major to minor and minor to major) and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect positioning.

Negotiating roundabouts
Be aware of and be able to demonstrate correct positioning of the vehicle when entering, travelling around and leaving roundabouts and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect positioning when negotiating roundabouts.

Approaching and emerging from junctions
Be aware of and be able to demonstrate correct positioning of the vehicle when approaching and emerging from junctions. Be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect
positioning at junctions.

Entering and exiting road or rail crossings
Be aware of and be able to demonstrate correct positioning of the vehicle when approaching, entering and exiting road or rail crossings and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect positioning or of stopping in an incorrect position at road or rail crossings.

Positioning on dual carriageways
Be aware of and be able to demonstrate the correct positioning of the vehicle when joining, driving on or leaving dual carriageways and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect
positioning.

Positioning on motorways
Know and understand the correct positioning of the vehicle when joining, driving on or leaving motorways and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect positioning on motorways.

Note: Learner drivers must not drive on motorways, but they
must have a knowledge and understanding of them.

Reversing or performing turnabouts
Be aware of the correct practice and be able to demonstrate correct positioning of the vehicle when reversing or performing a turnabout and be aware of the potential consequences of correct positioning when reversing or performing a turnabout.

Parking, stopping in confined spaces and stopping in traffic
Be able to demonstrate safe, correct and legal positioning of the vehicle when parking, stopping in confined spaces and stopping in traffic and be aware of the potential consequences of incorrect positioning when parking, stopping in confined spaces and stopping in traffic.

3.4 Anticipation and reactions (1)
Objective
The learner driver must have the knowledge, understanding and skills to be able to identify and
interpret imminent and potential hazards, and react appropriately.

Guidance
Topic The learner driver should:
Road junctions
Know and understand when, where, why and how to scan for road junctions and be able to anticipate potential dangers relating to junctions and to react appropriately.

Parked vehicles
Know and understand when, where, why and how to scan for parked vehicles and be able to anticipate potential dangers relating to parked vehicles and to react appropriately.

Pedestrian and tramway crossings
Know and understand when, where, why and how to scan for pedestrian and tramway crossings and be able to anticipate potential dangers relating to pedestrian and tramway crossings and to react appropriately.

Cyclists and motorcyclists
Know and understand when, where, why and how to scan for cyclists and motorcyclists; and
Be able to anticipate potential dangers relating to cyclists and motorcyclists and to react appropriately.

Vulnerable road users
Know and understand when, where, why and how to scan for vulnerable road users; and
Be able to anticipate potential dangers relating to vulnerable road users and to react appropriately.

Other imminent and potential hazards
Know and understand when, where, why and how to scan for any other imminent or potential hazards and be able to anticipate potential dangers relating to any other imminent or potential hazards and to react appropriately.

3.5 Driving safely through traffic (1)
Objective
The learner driver must have the knowledge, understanding and skills to be able to drive safely
through traffic, and be able to recognise, interpret and manage risks – avoiding them where
possible, and responding appropriately when they appear.

Guidance
Topic The learner driver should:
Acting correctly and decisively in the driving environment
Be aware always of the driving context and road environment and be able to scan effectively for any imminent or potential hazards and be able to act correctly and decisively to deal with any
potential or actual hazards as they arise.

Recognising and managing the risks associated with the safety of others
Be able to scan effectively for any imminent or potential hazards associated with the safety of others – for example, that of pedestrians waiting at a pedestrian crossing and be able to act correctly and decisively to deal with any such potential or actual hazards as they arise.

Driving defensively
Be aware of the importance of driving defensively at all times and be able to plan the route ahead and drive at an appropriate speed for the driving context and the road environment – for
example, maintaining a safe distance from the vehicle in front.

Cooperating with other road users
Be able to demonstrate effective cooperation with other road users without impeding them.

4.6 Night driving
Objective
The learner driver must have the knowledge, understanding and skills to drive at night and in conditions of poor visibility. In doing so, the learner driver must drive independently and consistently, at different speeds and in challenging situations, and must manage the risks associated with night driving and poor lighting conditions.

Guidance
Topic Guidance: the learner driver should:
Driving in the dark and poor lighting conditions
Know and understand the importance of adapting driving behaviour in the dark and in poor lighting conditions, including at dawn and dusk and be able, consistently and without prompting, to adapt driving behaviour in the dark and poor lighting conditions, including at dawn and dusk.

Eyesight
Know and understand the necessity for drivers to have regular eyesight tests and be aware of the symptoms of poor vision and of the possible necessity to wear prescribed corrective lenses.

The symptoms of poor night vision
Know and understand the symptoms of poor night vision, and be aware of the difficulties or dangers that it can lead to.

The correct use of vehicle lighting and the appropriate response to other vehicle lighting
Know and understand how to use the correct lighting at the correct and appropriate time and conditions – for example, when to dip lights or when to use rear fog lights and be able, consistently and without prompting, to use the correct lighting at the correct and appropriate times and conditions.